Investigators rely on memory as evidence, yet memory is vulnerable to distortion through post-event information and poorly framed questions. Research on the misinformation effect shows how leading questions, social influence, and timing can alter recall. Science-Based Interviewing (SBI) protects memory integrity by prioritizing early interviews, witness separation, free narratives, and the strategic use of evidence to gather accurate, reliable statement evidence.

The misinformation effect shows how easily memory can be altered by post-event information, language, and suggestion. Research by Elizabeth Loftus demonstrates why Investigative Interviewing must avoid leading questions, premature evidence disclosure, and interviewer opinions. Science-based investigative interviewing practices protect memory integrity, reduce contamination, and ensure statements remain reliable, corroborated, and defensible in court.